1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:04,000 © anoXmous @ http://thepiratebay.sx/user/Zen_Bud 2 00:00:04,001 --> 00:00:08,001 © anoXmous @ http://thepiratebay.sx/user/Zen_Bud 3 00:00:08,002 --> 00:00:10,002 © anoXmous @ http://thepiratebay.sx/user/Zen_Bud 1 00:00:11,302 --> 00:00:14,638 (narrator) No country, no people 2 00:00:14,764 --> 00:00:18,976 suffered so terribly in the war as the Soviet Union. 3 00:00:19,602 --> 00:00:23,313 Nowhere else are the memories of war so alive today, 4 00:00:23,398 --> 00:00:25,983 and so profound. 5 00:00:26,067 --> 00:00:28,652 The German invasion brought about a catastrophe 6 00:00:28,737 --> 00:00:32,740 which it seemed at first no nation could surVive. 7 00:00:32,824 --> 00:00:37,911 ln the siege of Leningrad alone, which lasted for over two years, 8 00:00:37,996 --> 00:00:40,247 more human beings died 9 00:00:40,331 --> 00:00:45,544 than the total war dead of Britain and the United States combined. 10 00:00:47,005 --> 00:00:50,132 Yet it was here that Hitler was broken. 11 00:00:51,176 --> 00:00:55,888 The Russian people faced the possibility that they might perish, 12 00:00:55,972 --> 00:00:58,432 and overcame it. 13 00:00:58,558 --> 00:01:00,225 We are hoping for the victory. 14 00:01:00,310 --> 00:01:05,355 We are quite sure that the victory will come sometime, 15 00:01:05,440 --> 00:01:10,444 and we hoped that our hardships would end. 16 00:02:09,420 --> 00:02:13,257 (narrator) Kharkov, under German occupation, 1942. 17 00:02:17,929 --> 00:02:19,847 Hitler had written in Mein Kampf: 18 00:02:19,973 --> 00:02:24,309 "The colossal empire in the east is ripe for dissolution." 19 00:02:24,394 --> 00:02:27,146 "And the end of Jewish domination in Russia 20 00:02:27,230 --> 00:02:30,399 will also be the end of Russia as a state." 21 00:02:32,193 --> 00:02:35,445 The Soviet system was to be demolished. 22 00:02:37,448 --> 00:02:42,953 But there was more. lt was in Russia that Hitler would find Lebensraum - 23 00:02:43,037 --> 00:02:45,914 new territory for German colonisation. 24 00:02:49,752 --> 00:02:52,713 The Soviet peoples would be treated as mere natives 25 00:02:52,797 --> 00:02:55,048 in a German colonial empire. 26 00:02:55,133 --> 00:02:58,969 Their cities would be Germanised or razed to the ground. 27 00:03:00,013 --> 00:03:03,140 They would be pedlars, backward peasants, 28 00:03:03,224 --> 00:03:05,559 domestic serVants, labourers. 29 00:03:26,664 --> 00:03:30,167 Communists and intellectuals were exterminated. 30 00:03:30,251 --> 00:03:34,630 The least sign of defiance brought instant reprisal. 31 00:03:35,590 --> 00:03:38,133 (speaking Russian) 32 00:03:38,218 --> 00:03:42,179 (mterpreter) The occupiers were harsh, very harsh, 33 00:03:42,263 --> 00:03:46,892 especially in those areas where the partisans were active. 34 00:03:46,976 --> 00:03:51,980 ln the Ukraine, 51 1 villages were burnt down by the Nazis 35 00:03:52,065 --> 00:03:54,900 before the population could escape. 36 00:03:55,944 --> 00:03:59,279 ln one village, Pisk, near Kiev, 37 00:03:59,364 --> 00:04:02,658 which was totally razed to the ground, 38 00:04:02,784 --> 00:04:05,786 babies were thrown into the fire. 39 00:04:11,542 --> 00:04:13,085 (narrator) Before the war, 40 00:04:13,169 --> 00:04:15,337 the regions now occupied by the Germans 41 00:04:15,421 --> 00:04:17,422 had produced nearly three quarters 42 00:04:17,507 --> 00:04:19,258 of the country's coal and iron, 43 00:04:19,342 --> 00:04:21,593 a third of its beef and grain, 44 00:04:21,678 --> 00:04:24,221 almost all its sugar. 45 00:04:24,806 --> 00:04:27,724 By autumn 1941 , the Germans controlled 46 00:04:27,809 --> 00:04:32,938 what had been the industrial and agricultural heart of the Soviet Union. 47 00:04:40,863 --> 00:04:44,032 The invaders found that the Russians had tried to destroy 48 00:04:44,117 --> 00:04:46,285 everything they had to leave behind. 49 00:04:46,369 --> 00:04:51,790 Villages burned, the summer harVest flamed in the fields around them. 50 00:04:52,250 --> 00:04:55,502 By that autumn, the Germans had advanced for 600 miles 51 00:04:55,586 --> 00:04:58,505 over scorched earth. 52 00:05:01,426 --> 00:05:03,385 ln some of the Baltic republics, 53 00:05:03,469 --> 00:05:06,930 which had only been annexed by the Soviet Union a year before, 54 00:05:07,056 --> 00:05:11,101 the Germans were made welcome by local nationalists. 55 00:05:13,187 --> 00:05:14,646 ln parts of the Ukraine, 56 00:05:14,731 --> 00:05:19,401 some of the peasants made the traditional offering of bread and salt. 57 00:05:24,073 --> 00:05:28,243 The bodies of nationalists shot by Soviet security at the last moment 58 00:05:28,369 --> 00:05:31,413 were brought out and carried through the streets. 59 00:05:36,002 --> 00:05:39,963 For a brief moment, it seemed to some that these submerged nations 60 00:05:40,048 --> 00:05:43,175 might become willing partners of the Nazis. 61 00:05:45,303 --> 00:05:47,554 Communists were hunted down. 62 00:05:49,390 --> 00:05:51,975 And in all the places the Nazis occupied, 63 00:05:52,060 --> 00:05:54,519 the round-up of the Jews began. 64 00:06:16,626 --> 00:06:21,838 ln the path of the German, Russia seemed to be crumbling away. 65 00:06:21,923 --> 00:06:27,135 Stalin had the defeated commander of the Western Front and his staff 66 00:06:27,220 --> 00:06:29,554 arrested and shot. 67 00:06:35,436 --> 00:06:38,855 Monuments of Soviet construction, even the Dnieper Dam, 68 00:06:38,940 --> 00:06:41,358 the very symbol of the Five-Year Plans, 69 00:06:41,442 --> 00:06:44,111 had to be blown up and abandoned. 70 00:06:50,410 --> 00:06:54,413 Locomotives were wrecked, though they were needed as never before, 71 00:06:54,497 --> 00:06:58,792 for there now began an evacuation which in the end was to save Russia 72 00:06:58,918 --> 00:07:02,295 and change the course of the war. 73 00:07:11,931 --> 00:07:17,477 1500 factories moved on 18,000 trains with over a million workers 74 00:07:17,562 --> 00:07:21,523 to the safety of eastern Russia and the Urals. 75 00:07:21,607 --> 00:07:23,525 One witness said: 76 00:07:23,609 --> 00:07:26,695 "lt was as if the earth tilted up 77 00:07:26,779 --> 00:07:31,199 and everything human or mechanical rolled from west to east." 78 00:07:31,284 --> 00:07:33,368 (speaking Russian) 79 00:07:35,413 --> 00:07:38,248 (interpreter) There was no factory when we arrived. 80 00:07:38,332 --> 00:07:42,294 There were only storehouses where materials were kept. 81 00:07:45,131 --> 00:07:50,051 We began by emptying the stores and clearing the land around it. 82 00:07:53,514 --> 00:07:56,516 We were working up to 14 hours a day. 83 00:07:57,935 --> 00:08:00,604 (narrator) ln bleak places, lacking food or sleep, 84 00:08:00,688 --> 00:08:06,526 the Russians reconstructed a new war industry beyond the reach of the Nazis. 85 00:08:09,489 --> 00:08:11,656 When we emptied the storehouses, 86 00:08:11,741 --> 00:08:14,117 the machinery arrived. 87 00:08:15,161 --> 00:08:18,455 Where the warehouses used to be, 88 00:08:18,539 --> 00:08:20,540 we built a new factory. 89 00:08:20,625 --> 00:08:22,876 (patriotic Russian song) 90 00:08:36,265 --> 00:08:39,893 (narrator) Unlike the Germans, the Russians, from the first hour, 91 00:08:39,977 --> 00:08:42,521 waged a total war. 92 00:08:42,605 --> 00:08:45,232 Every pair of hands was set to the machines 93 00:08:45,316 --> 00:08:48,860 as the men were draffed into the battles of the west. 94 00:08:48,986 --> 00:08:51,738 War work strained everyone to the heart. 95 00:08:52,698 --> 00:08:55,575 1 1 to 15 hours a day, rations short, 96 00:08:55,660 --> 00:08:58,161 worry about a husband or a son at the front, 97 00:08:58,246 --> 00:09:01,289 exhaustion like a permanent illness. 98 00:09:08,130 --> 00:09:12,509 But for the camera, they wore a cheerful, determined face. 99 00:09:16,639 --> 00:09:19,516 Now the Germans were breaking through to Leningrad, 100 00:09:19,600 --> 00:09:23,812 Russia's second city and capital of the revolution. 101 00:09:28,484 --> 00:09:30,819 (Russian marching song) 102 00:09:36,409 --> 00:09:38,660 The workers were given rifles. 103 00:09:38,744 --> 00:09:40,912 Harking back to the days of revolution, 104 00:09:40,997 --> 00:09:45,166 Leningrad's leaders encouraged the whole city to stand and fight. 105 00:09:45,251 --> 00:09:48,962 Untrained, they marched out to face the panzers 106 00:09:49,088 --> 00:09:52,340 within sight of their own factory chimneys. 107 00:09:54,385 --> 00:09:58,013 The chance to get non-combatants out of Leningrad was missed. 108 00:09:58,097 --> 00:10:01,933 Anyway, most families preferred to stay. 109 00:10:02,018 --> 00:10:06,938 My husband, he got two places on a plane, 110 00:10:07,023 --> 00:10:12,360 and he asked me suddenly to take the child and go with him, 111 00:10:12,486 --> 00:10:16,698 but l refused because l couldn't leave my mother 112 00:10:16,782 --> 00:10:23,246 and his mother, my mother-in-law, here in the besieged city. 113 00:10:23,331 --> 00:10:25,874 So l told him to take the old lady with him 114 00:10:25,958 --> 00:10:29,669 and l remained in Leningrad with my mother and child. 115 00:10:30,630 --> 00:10:34,257 (narrator) ln September, the German ring closed. 116 00:10:34,342 --> 00:10:37,636 Over two and half million people were trapped in the city, 117 00:10:37,720 --> 00:10:40,722 400,000 of them children. 118 00:10:40,806 --> 00:10:44,100 Leningrad's only link with Russia was across Lake Ladoga. 119 00:10:44,185 --> 00:10:46,895 The greatest of all sieges was beginning. 120 00:10:47,772 --> 00:10:50,106 Now Stalin interVened. 121 00:10:50,191 --> 00:10:53,526 Marshal Voroshilov, in command of Leningrad, was sacked. 122 00:10:53,611 --> 00:10:56,363 ln his place was sent Marshal Georgi Zhukov, 123 00:10:56,447 --> 00:10:59,449 who was to become one of the great commanders of the war. 124 00:10:59,533 --> 00:11:03,870 His deputy was the hard and resourceful Andrei Zhdanov, 125 00:11:03,954 --> 00:11:06,581 Leningrad's Communist Party chief. 126 00:11:09,752 --> 00:11:14,172 Leningrad soon felt the new team's determination. 127 00:11:14,256 --> 00:11:15,757 Outside the city, 128 00:11:15,841 --> 00:11:19,511 Zhukov threatened that anyone who retreated further would be shot. 129 00:11:20,513 --> 00:11:25,183 lnside, the security forces hunted down spies and defeatists. 130 00:11:25,267 --> 00:11:27,894 Zhdanov's men ended the wastage of food, 131 00:11:27,978 --> 00:11:31,314 mobilising everybody for the city's defence. 132 00:11:37,446 --> 00:11:41,616 Every major building was mined in case the Germans broke in. 133 00:11:43,869 --> 00:11:48,248 But the German attempt to take Leningrad by storm failed. 134 00:11:49,709 --> 00:11:51,292 (siren) 135 00:11:55,005 --> 00:11:59,426 Berlin ordered: "The Führer has decided to raze the city of Petersburg 136 00:11:59,510 --> 00:12:01,553 from the face of the earth." 137 00:12:01,637 --> 00:12:05,724 "There is no reason for the future existence of this large city." 138 00:12:08,894 --> 00:12:13,523 The Leningraders were to be bombarded and starVed to death. 139 00:12:20,197 --> 00:12:22,699 Day affer day, the bombers came over. 140 00:13:14,710 --> 00:13:18,546 German gunners could see the spires of Leningrad from their lines. 141 00:13:18,631 --> 00:13:22,967 Their shells could strike every district, every street. 142 00:13:41,821 --> 00:13:45,907 Lake Ladoga remained the only gap in the enemy ring. 143 00:13:45,991 --> 00:13:51,830 When it froze, an ice road for supplies was built across its surface. 144 00:14:01,841 --> 00:14:06,553 Trucks fell through the ice or were destroyed by air attack. 145 00:14:16,856 --> 00:14:21,442 The ice road could bring too little in and take too few civilians out 146 00:14:21,527 --> 00:14:24,946 to keep Leningrad from the onset of starVation. 147 00:14:26,156 --> 00:14:30,118 Everything was running out. The trams and buses stopped. 148 00:14:30,202 --> 00:14:34,289 ln the darkness and intense cold of the North Russian winter, 149 00:14:34,373 --> 00:14:37,500 there was no longer heating or electric light. 150 00:14:37,585 --> 00:14:40,753 Workers, half-conscious with hunger, 151 00:14:40,838 --> 00:14:43,172 kept the arms factories turning, 152 00:14:43,299 --> 00:14:46,593 even when shells had torn off the roof. 153 00:14:54,018 --> 00:14:59,397 Tanks of raw, unpainted steel drove out of the factory into the front line. 154 00:15:00,816 --> 00:15:05,570 Bread was now made with sweepings, cattle-cake, sawdust. 155 00:15:05,654 --> 00:15:08,823 People ate soap, linseed oil, 156 00:15:08,908 --> 00:15:11,075 the paste for wallpaper. 157 00:15:11,160 --> 00:15:12,702 Housewives and children 158 00:15:12,786 --> 00:15:17,624 got only four and half ounces of this "bread" a day. 159 00:15:30,930 --> 00:15:33,264 Frozen and silent, 160 00:15:33,349 --> 00:15:35,767 Leningrad refused to die. 161 00:15:36,810 --> 00:15:39,020 The libraries stayed open. 162 00:15:39,104 --> 00:15:44,233 People took inspiration from the new literature of the blockade. 163 00:15:45,444 --> 00:15:47,695 (Olga) Poetry was, for us, 164 00:15:47,780 --> 00:15:51,157 a great force that kept us alive. 165 00:15:51,241 --> 00:15:54,160 (narrator) "lf what they say of Leningrad is true, 166 00:15:54,244 --> 00:15:56,621 the tears have frozen in the people's eyes." 167 00:15:56,705 --> 00:16:01,459 "We cry no longer, for no tears could quench our burning hate." 168 00:16:01,543 --> 00:16:04,420 "And hate is our only course." 169 00:16:04,505 --> 00:16:07,882 "The guarantee of life, the cure for grief, 170 00:16:07,967 --> 00:16:11,678 the one uniting, warming, guiding force." 171 00:16:12,721 --> 00:16:16,516 And the end of November, December and January 172 00:16:16,600 --> 00:16:19,435 were the most tragic of times. 173 00:16:19,520 --> 00:16:23,272 Firstly, it was cold - minus 40. 174 00:16:23,357 --> 00:16:27,610 Then the famine, the hunger, began to... 175 00:16:27,695 --> 00:16:31,239 to... to be felt. 176 00:16:31,323 --> 00:16:33,866 And people began to starVe 177 00:16:33,951 --> 00:16:35,994 and to die from cold. 178 00:16:38,288 --> 00:16:41,040 (narrator) The siege went on. 179 00:16:42,876 --> 00:16:45,837 There were few ways to hit back at the Germans. 180 00:16:46,463 --> 00:16:50,341 One was with naval guns from the warships trapped in the port. 181 00:16:51,552 --> 00:16:57,473 On land, small raiding parties penetrated behind the German trenches. 182 00:17:04,356 --> 00:17:06,441 They cut supply lines, 183 00:17:06,525 --> 00:17:08,651 they captured prisoners 184 00:17:08,736 --> 00:17:11,404 and collected information. 185 00:17:18,829 --> 00:17:23,249 They descended on collaborators and tried them on the spot. 186 00:17:33,677 --> 00:17:36,220 January 1942. 187 00:17:36,346 --> 00:17:41,809 About 4,000 people were dying in Leningrad each day. 188 00:18:10,130 --> 00:18:13,341 (Glga) When l went to the shops 189 00:18:13,425 --> 00:18:16,636 to receive my ration for my family, 190 00:18:16,720 --> 00:18:19,639 if l passed on the way there two bodies, 191 00:18:19,723 --> 00:18:22,433 on the way back there were four. 192 00:19:06,937 --> 00:19:11,357 (narrator) Outside the ring, the Russians fought to loosen the blockade 193 00:19:11,441 --> 00:19:15,278 and to speed up the pitifully slow convoys across the frozen lake. 194 00:19:15,362 --> 00:19:20,867 But there was no major offensive to break the siege ring, and no airliff. 195 00:19:22,077 --> 00:19:27,915 The battles before Moscow had first call on men and equipment. 196 00:19:33,964 --> 00:19:37,175 Spring brought new fears. 197 00:19:37,259 --> 00:19:39,302 The murderous cold slackened, 198 00:19:39,386 --> 00:19:43,055 but melting snowdriffs revealed thousands of corpses 199 00:19:43,140 --> 00:19:45,892 in the streets and yards. 200 00:19:49,688 --> 00:19:53,024 A campaign was launched to clean up the city. 201 00:20:01,658 --> 00:20:03,868 There was no epidemic. 202 00:20:15,839 --> 00:20:17,798 Now the ice road was melting. 203 00:20:17,883 --> 00:20:22,720 Although there would be a difficult time before the lake was clear for ships, 204 00:20:22,804 --> 00:20:25,181 the mood in Leningrad was turning confident. 205 00:20:25,766 --> 00:20:30,686 (Olga) When the sun began to shine, then we began to clean 206 00:20:30,771 --> 00:20:33,064 and to wash. 207 00:20:33,148 --> 00:20:36,567 Of course, now we had water in our homes. 208 00:20:36,693 --> 00:20:39,820 We began to feel normal again. 209 00:20:40,822 --> 00:20:45,243 (narrator) The city council dared to send a few trams back on the streets. 210 00:20:45,327 --> 00:20:50,998 (Olga) We greeted the tram as an old forgotten friend coming back to us. 211 00:20:51,083 --> 00:20:56,545 l remember l clapped my hands when l saw the tram running along Liteiny. 212 00:21:22,489 --> 00:21:25,449 (narrator) The surVivors felt stronger. 213 00:21:25,575 --> 00:21:28,369 Their rations were increased. 214 00:21:42,342 --> 00:21:46,429 Squads of volunteers went from house to house bringing help to families 215 00:21:46,513 --> 00:21:51,058 who, in the winter, had almost lost contact with the city outside. 216 00:21:59,359 --> 00:22:02,570 Children who should have been evacuated eight months before 217 00:22:02,654 --> 00:22:05,364 were taken by ship across Lake Ladoga. 218 00:22:12,914 --> 00:22:15,458 The ships brought back troops and munitions 219 00:22:15,542 --> 00:22:18,210 to relieve the gaunt men in the trenches. 220 00:22:18,295 --> 00:22:21,922 Leningrad began to look more like a military base. 221 00:22:25,469 --> 00:22:27,887 The worst of the siege was over. 222 00:22:27,971 --> 00:22:32,558 Though the bombardment went on, it now made sense to repair the damage. 223 00:22:34,144 --> 00:22:37,271 Peat was dug for fuel against the next winter. 224 00:22:39,483 --> 00:22:42,443 Schoolchildren and professors of botany 225 00:22:42,527 --> 00:22:46,197 helped to plant every open space with vegetables. 226 00:22:53,622 --> 00:22:56,374 There were no worries about food for the Germans 227 00:22:56,458 --> 00:22:58,709 occupying the prairies of the Ukraine. 228 00:22:58,794 --> 00:23:02,380 For 50 years, German expansionists had looked to this region 229 00:23:02,464 --> 00:23:05,883 to free Germany from dependence on imports by sea. 230 00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:14,141 General Manstein said, "A large part of the population will have to go hungry." 231 00:23:14,226 --> 00:23:17,645 "Nothing, out of a misguided sense of humanity, 232 00:23:17,729 --> 00:23:19,563 may be given to the population, 233 00:23:19,648 --> 00:23:23,192 unless they are in the serVice of the German Wehrmacht." 234 00:23:51,012 --> 00:23:55,433 ln Kiev, the Ukrainian capital, plans to win over local nationalists 235 00:23:55,517 --> 00:23:59,979 with the promise of an anti-Russian puppet state never got off the ground. 236 00:24:00,063 --> 00:24:03,774 They were brushed aside by the army and the SS. 237 00:24:03,859 --> 00:24:08,279 The reality was work under German overseers 238 00:24:08,405 --> 00:24:10,823 or deportation to the Reich. 239 00:24:14,536 --> 00:24:17,872 Each village learned the price of defiance. 240 00:24:25,046 --> 00:24:27,882 ln Moscow in early 1942 there was confidence. 241 00:24:27,966 --> 00:24:29,842 The winter fighting had revealed 242 00:24:29,926 --> 00:24:33,345 that the Germans were no more invincible than Napoleon had been. 243 00:24:33,430 --> 00:24:34,805 But it seemed to Russians 244 00:24:34,931 --> 00:24:38,058 that they bore the burden of the war against Fascism alone 245 00:24:38,143 --> 00:24:41,353 and that the West was not doing enough. 246 00:24:43,690 --> 00:24:47,860 When Stalin began to call for a second front, a landing in the west, 247 00:24:47,944 --> 00:24:52,239 the people joined willingly in the meetings organised to support it. 248 00:24:52,574 --> 00:24:55,868 Molotov, the foreign minister, was told by Western diplomats 249 00:24:55,952 --> 00:24:59,330 that though they admired the heroism of the Red Army, 250 00:24:59,414 --> 00:25:02,958 a second front was not yet practical. 251 00:25:03,043 --> 00:25:05,127 Stalin didn't believe them. 252 00:25:05,212 --> 00:25:07,296 (speaking Russian) 253 00:25:10,217 --> 00:25:12,301 Stalin was in direct command of an army 254 00:25:12,385 --> 00:25:15,888 becoming harder and more formidable every day. 255 00:25:18,141 --> 00:25:21,852 But the Russians did not pretend to be immune to grief. 256 00:25:21,937 --> 00:25:24,939 Tens of thousands knew this poem by heart... 257 00:25:25,982 --> 00:25:28,984 "Wait for me, and l'll return." 258 00:25:29,069 --> 00:25:31,570 "Only, wait very hard." 259 00:25:32,239 --> 00:25:36,534 "Wait when you are filled with sorrow as you watch the yellow rain." 260 00:25:36,618 --> 00:25:39,203 "Wait when the winds sweep the snowdriffs." 261 00:25:39,955 --> 00:25:41,830 "Wait in the sweltering heat." 262 00:25:41,915 --> 00:25:46,669 "Wait when others have stopped waiting, forgetting their yesterdays." 263 00:25:46,753 --> 00:25:51,006 "Wait even when from afar no letters come to you." 264 00:25:51,091 --> 00:25:54,426 "Wait even when others are tired of waiting." 265 00:25:54,511 --> 00:25:58,514 "Wait even when my mother and son think l am no more, 266 00:25:58,598 --> 00:26:02,268 and when friends sit around the fire drinking to my memory." 267 00:26:02,352 --> 00:26:07,106 "Wait, and do not hurry to drink to my memory too." 268 00:26:07,190 --> 00:26:11,193 "Wait, for l'll return, 269 00:26:11,278 --> 00:26:13,529 defying every death." 270 00:26:13,655 --> 00:26:17,908 "And let those who do not wait say that l was lucky." 271 00:26:17,993 --> 00:26:21,412 "They never will understand that in the midst of death 272 00:26:21,496 --> 00:26:25,040 you with your waiting saved me." 273 00:26:25,500 --> 00:26:28,502 "Only you and l will know how l surVived." 274 00:26:28,587 --> 00:26:32,798 "lt's because you waited, as no one else did." 275 00:26:35,969 --> 00:26:38,387 There were still disasters to come. 276 00:26:38,471 --> 00:26:43,100 ln May, the Germans beat off a Russian offensive near Kharkov. 277 00:26:43,184 --> 00:26:47,313 As the Red Army advanced, the panzers cut round its flanks. 278 00:26:57,866 --> 00:27:00,826 The Soviet commanders begged to be allowed to pull back 279 00:27:00,910 --> 00:27:02,911 before it was too late, 280 00:27:02,996 --> 00:27:07,625 but Stalin, pushing advice aside, forbade them to retreat. 281 00:27:07,751 --> 00:27:10,044 The German pincers closed. 282 00:27:10,128 --> 00:27:14,673 Most of the men of three Russian armies were forced to lay down their arms. 283 00:27:38,031 --> 00:27:43,369 ln the whole war, over five million Russian soldiers were taken prisoner. 284 00:27:44,746 --> 00:27:48,082 Less than two million surVived. 285 00:27:53,046 --> 00:27:55,297 For the British especially, 286 00:27:55,382 --> 00:27:59,468 the Russians were now "Our gallant Soviet ally." 287 00:28:00,553 --> 00:28:05,140 But, at first, help could only come through the Arctic convoys 288 00:28:05,225 --> 00:28:07,851 heading for Murmansk and Archangel 289 00:28:07,936 --> 00:28:13,190 through the killing ground of the German U-boats, bombers and warships. 290 00:28:18,655 --> 00:28:24,118 ln July 1942, this one convoy lost 80% of its ships. 291 00:28:27,247 --> 00:28:31,333 But the courage of British seamen could not make the convoys carry enough 292 00:28:31,418 --> 00:28:34,086 for Russia's gigantic needs. 293 00:28:34,963 --> 00:28:39,466 1942 was the year of deep war - 294 00:28:39,551 --> 00:28:43,512 defeat fought off, but as yet no sign of victory. 295 00:28:44,139 --> 00:28:46,807 This was a time of bitter endurance, 296 00:28:46,891 --> 00:28:50,936 a season for learning to bear disappointment and loss. 297 00:28:53,106 --> 00:28:55,649 Once, it seemed possible that German soldiers 298 00:28:55,734 --> 00:28:57,860 were only brother workers in uniform, 299 00:28:57,944 --> 00:29:01,780 but now Soviet writers spoke in words of hate. 300 00:29:02,866 --> 00:29:06,660 "One can bear anything - the plague, hunger and death - 301 00:29:06,786 --> 00:29:09,121 but one cannot bear the Germans." 302 00:29:09,205 --> 00:29:11,915 "One cannot bear these fish-eyed oafs 303 00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:14,793 contemptuously snorting at everything Russian." 304 00:29:14,919 --> 00:29:18,672 "We cannot live as long as these grey-green slugs are alive." 305 00:29:18,757 --> 00:29:23,260 "Today there are no books, today there are no stars in the sky." 306 00:29:23,344 --> 00:29:27,306 "Today there is only one thought - kill the Germans." 307 00:29:27,390 --> 00:29:30,559 "Kill them all and dig them into the earth." 308 00:29:30,643 --> 00:29:32,770 "Then we can go to sleep." 309 00:29:32,854 --> 00:29:36,273 "Then we can think again of life and books 310 00:29:36,399 --> 00:29:39,026 and girls and happiness." 311 00:29:42,447 --> 00:29:44,031 "We shall kill them all, 312 00:29:44,115 --> 00:29:47,868 but we must do it quickly or they will desecrate the whole of Russia 313 00:29:47,952 --> 00:29:50,788 and torture to death millions more people." 314 00:30:03,009 --> 00:30:05,219 As the Soviet soldiers advanced, 315 00:30:05,303 --> 00:30:09,848 they found what Germans had been doing to civilians. 316 00:31:00,483 --> 00:31:03,652 (priest chanting) 317 00:31:03,736 --> 00:31:06,613 The churches were full once more. 318 00:31:16,249 --> 00:31:19,501 The priesthood was invited to pray for the life of holy Russia 319 00:31:19,586 --> 00:31:22,671 to work on the patriotism of the worshippers. 320 00:31:26,217 --> 00:31:28,719 The icons were honoured again. 321 00:31:28,803 --> 00:31:32,014 The public campaign for atheism was dropped. 322 00:31:32,098 --> 00:31:34,433 (congregation singing) 323 00:31:59,042 --> 00:32:03,086 The Germans murdered Jews and Communists. 324 00:32:03,171 --> 00:32:07,215 They murdered those suspected of supporting the partisans. 325 00:32:07,300 --> 00:32:09,801 They murdered hostages. 326 00:32:18,478 --> 00:32:20,854 Affer battle, in retreat, 327 00:32:20,939 --> 00:32:23,482 they just murdered. 328 00:32:37,372 --> 00:32:42,501 To the north, the Russians prepared to attack the German ring round Leningrad. 329 00:32:42,627 --> 00:32:44,836 As they waited, runners brought the news 330 00:32:44,921 --> 00:32:48,882 of the surrender of the German armies at Stalingrad. 331 00:32:50,426 --> 00:32:55,222 For army and people, this was the sudden glow of victory at the tunnel's end. 332 00:32:55,306 --> 00:32:59,184 Now they knew they would win. 333 00:33:25,962 --> 00:33:30,215 At Leningrad, the relieving troops broke through. 334 00:33:31,718 --> 00:33:33,760 (speaking Russian) 335 00:33:41,686 --> 00:33:47,107 They forced open a land route. The 16-month blockade was over. 336 00:33:47,191 --> 00:33:49,443 But they did not break the siege. 337 00:33:49,527 --> 00:33:53,155 The Germans and Finns still lay around the city. 338 00:33:54,157 --> 00:33:56,867 (speaking Russian) 339 00:33:56,993 --> 00:33:59,494 (Olga) lt was such a feeling l can't relate it. 340 00:33:59,579 --> 00:34:02,789 l went to my neighbour across the yard, 341 00:34:02,874 --> 00:34:05,375 and we kissed each other and told each other: 342 00:34:05,460 --> 00:34:08,378 "Now we shall live. There is a way out." 343 00:34:09,005 --> 00:34:12,299 (narrator) ln a fortnight, a railway was laid through the gap. 344 00:34:12,842 --> 00:34:16,344 Food and fuel began to roll into Leningrad. 345 00:34:22,268 --> 00:34:24,394 The symbols of old Russian honour 346 00:34:24,520 --> 00:34:27,522 were restored to the army as they had been to the church. 347 00:34:27,648 --> 00:34:29,858 (patriotic Russian song) 348 00:34:31,652 --> 00:34:35,614 Propaganda united Lenin with Alexander Nevski... 349 00:34:39,494 --> 00:34:42,496 ..the 18th century hero, Suvorov... 350 00:34:47,919 --> 00:34:49,836 ..heroes of the Red cavalry, 351 00:34:49,962 --> 00:34:54,091 mighty ghosts cheering forward the avengers of the Soviet motherland. 352 00:34:58,638 --> 00:35:03,683 The insignia of a traditional and professional army were brought back. 353 00:35:05,978 --> 00:35:08,480 Gold braid was imported from Britain. 354 00:35:08,564 --> 00:35:11,858 Political commissars lost rank. 355 00:35:13,569 --> 00:35:17,572 The years of the purges were forgotten. 356 00:35:17,657 --> 00:35:19,783 (Russian marching song) 357 00:35:55,153 --> 00:35:56,945 (speaking Russian) 358 00:35:57,029 --> 00:36:01,783 (mterpreter) Every Soviet citizen felt himself a part of the common struggle. 359 00:36:01,868 --> 00:36:04,536 Some people say it was the Fascists' cruelty 360 00:36:04,620 --> 00:36:09,749 which led to resistance in the Ukraine and other occupied lands. 361 00:36:09,834 --> 00:36:11,918 No. 362 00:36:15,214 --> 00:36:18,175 l believe resistance was inevitable. 363 00:36:23,764 --> 00:36:28,935 Soviet people in the rear could not hold themselves back from the struggle. 364 00:36:40,031 --> 00:36:45,452 (narrator) ln 1941 , behind the lines partisan bands began to form. 365 00:36:45,536 --> 00:36:47,621 At first, they lacked arms. 366 00:36:47,705 --> 00:36:50,165 They grew slowly. 367 00:36:56,756 --> 00:37:00,675 German deportations for forced labour made thousands flee to the forests, 368 00:37:00,760 --> 00:37:04,721 where they joined the partisans. 369 00:37:04,805 --> 00:37:06,681 (patriotic song) 370 00:37:18,819 --> 00:37:21,321 Soon the partisans became a formidable army 371 00:37:21,405 --> 00:37:25,408 operating against the enemy lines of communication. 372 00:37:56,190 --> 00:37:58,942 The penalty for collaboration was death. 373 00:37:59,026 --> 00:38:01,611 On a mere suspicion of sympathy for the enemy, 374 00:38:01,696 --> 00:38:05,699 whole national groups, the Volga Germans, the Crimean Tatars, 375 00:38:05,783 --> 00:38:07,951 were deported to central Asia. 376 00:38:08,035 --> 00:38:11,454 For individual collaborators, no mercy. 377 00:38:21,007 --> 00:38:23,925 As German prisoners were paraded through Leningrad, 378 00:38:24,010 --> 00:38:27,512 people struck out at an enemy they could reach. 379 00:38:44,447 --> 00:38:49,075 ln the steppes of Soviet Asia, in the new factories and mines of Siberia, 380 00:38:49,160 --> 00:38:54,581 the most desperate production effort of modern times was coming to its climax. 381 00:39:42,671 --> 00:39:45,757 Russia has been caught with obsolete aircraff, 382 00:39:45,841 --> 00:39:48,593 unfit for close battle support. 383 00:39:48,677 --> 00:39:53,139 Now the plants turned out 9,000 modern aircraff every month. 384 00:39:53,224 --> 00:39:58,061 ln 1943, military output finally outstripped Germany's. 385 00:40:08,739 --> 00:40:10,990 Above all, it was the tank. 386 00:40:11,075 --> 00:40:15,703 ln 1943, the factories built 24,000 of them. 387 00:40:17,540 --> 00:40:20,375 More than any other weapon, it was the tank, 388 00:40:20,459 --> 00:40:23,169 especially the famous T-34, 389 00:40:23,254 --> 00:40:26,423 which won the battle on the Eastern Front. 390 00:40:40,563 --> 00:40:43,481 With the American trucks now streaming in from Persia, 391 00:40:43,566 --> 00:40:47,235 this torrent of armour moved up to the line. 392 00:40:49,238 --> 00:40:52,157 The Russians knew that in July 1943 393 00:40:52,241 --> 00:40:57,495 the Germans would launch their full strength against them once more. 394 00:40:57,621 --> 00:41:00,623 They knew too that the blow would fall at Kursk. 395 00:41:00,708 --> 00:41:03,334 They must hold firm. 396 00:41:03,419 --> 00:41:07,672 Then the Red Army, now the biggest land force ever seen in war, 397 00:41:07,756 --> 00:41:09,841 would strike back. 398 00:41:11,969 --> 00:41:13,636 The Germans planned to drive 399 00:41:13,762 --> 00:41:15,972 into the shoulders of the Kursk bulge, 400 00:41:16,056 --> 00:41:18,766 hoping to cut off the huge Soviet army, 401 00:41:18,851 --> 00:41:21,227 then hit at Moscow. 402 00:41:28,569 --> 00:41:31,779 They brought up 70 divisions - almost a million men - 403 00:41:31,864 --> 00:41:34,699 with the new Tiger tanks and Ferdinand guns. 404 00:41:34,783 --> 00:41:36,868 Hitler had intended to strike in May, 405 00:41:36,952 --> 00:41:40,914 but there were delays in production and building up reserVes. 406 00:41:48,088 --> 00:41:49,964 Weeks passed. 407 00:41:50,049 --> 00:41:55,762 When the German were ready to attack, the Russians were waiting for them. 408 00:41:55,846 --> 00:42:01,768 (speaking Russian) 409 00:42:01,852 --> 00:42:03,895 (mterpreter) We were all prepared. 410 00:42:03,979 --> 00:42:07,482 We were more than ready to meet Hitler's attack. 411 00:42:07,566 --> 00:42:09,108 We knew we had enough armour 412 00:42:09,193 --> 00:42:12,153 to stop the Fascists breaking through our defences. 413 00:42:20,746 --> 00:42:24,374 Our reconnaissance patrols had captured prisoners. 414 00:42:27,002 --> 00:42:29,712 From them we learned that Hitler's troops 415 00:42:29,797 --> 00:42:35,009 planned to start the attack at 2:30 in the morning on July 5. 416 00:42:36,095 --> 00:42:39,138 The news was given to our troops. 417 00:42:39,223 --> 00:42:41,057 (speaking Russian) 418 00:42:41,141 --> 00:42:45,061 (mterpreter) The commander sits in the obserVation post, 419 00:42:45,145 --> 00:42:47,605 the soldiers are in the trenches, 420 00:42:47,690 --> 00:42:51,150 and tomorrow the enemy is expected to attack. 421 00:42:54,029 --> 00:42:57,907 You can imagine what thoughts are in his mind. 422 00:43:06,166 --> 00:43:10,253 There were more than a hundred tanks every kilometre. 423 00:43:10,337 --> 00:43:14,048 When tanks are moving, the whole earth trembles. 424 00:43:14,133 --> 00:43:16,342 And the guns fire, 425 00:43:16,427 --> 00:43:19,470 but the soldier just sits. 426 00:43:28,939 --> 00:43:31,316 (narrator) Soviet aircraff took off at dawn 427 00:43:31,400 --> 00:43:35,194 to wreck the German bombers waiting on their airfields. 428 00:43:46,957 --> 00:43:49,334 The Germans kept to the timetable. 429 00:43:51,337 --> 00:43:56,215 On the morning of July 5, the panzer divisions moved forward. 430 00:44:26,872 --> 00:44:31,042 Kursk was the biggest tank battle in history. 431 00:44:31,126 --> 00:44:35,880 ln the north, the German pincer made ten miles in five days, and halted, 432 00:44:35,964 --> 00:44:39,884 with 50,000 dead and 400 tanks destroyed. 433 00:44:41,762 --> 00:44:43,930 ln the south, in an even vaster battle, 434 00:44:44,014 --> 00:44:47,058 a 20-mile dent was made in the Russian defences, 435 00:44:47,142 --> 00:44:49,894 but the Germans were spent. 436 00:44:49,978 --> 00:44:54,524 On July 15, Hitler called off the Kursk offensive. 437 00:44:59,321 --> 00:45:02,824 The Red Army went over to the attack. 438 00:45:47,369 --> 00:45:49,662 Under bombardment, the sappers went ahead 439 00:45:49,788 --> 00:45:53,541 to cut a path into the German defences. 440 00:46:05,679 --> 00:46:08,473 Through the gap, the tanks plunged forward, 441 00:46:08,557 --> 00:46:11,434 the troops riding on their sides. 442 00:46:33,332 --> 00:46:35,416 These were the new Russian soldiers, 443 00:46:35,501 --> 00:46:38,836 very different from the defeated masses of 1941 . 444 00:46:39,922 --> 00:46:43,257 Their clothes were shabby, but their weapons were clean. 445 00:46:43,342 --> 00:46:48,012 They were tough, chasing the enemy into close-quarter battle. 446 00:46:48,096 --> 00:46:49,430 They were resourceful, 447 00:46:49,515 --> 00:46:54,435 trained to live off the land and to cross rivers on their own. 448 00:46:57,147 --> 00:47:00,650 lf there was no boat, a bench or a log would do. 449 00:47:05,948 --> 00:47:09,408 They went without regular leave or pay, 450 00:47:09,493 --> 00:47:12,453 but now their morale was fierce and high. 451 00:47:16,708 --> 00:47:22,421 ln military terms, it was Kursk which decided how the European war would end. 452 00:47:23,632 --> 00:47:27,677 When this supreme German effort failed, the Soviet victory began. 453 00:47:29,680 --> 00:47:33,474 The fighting to break through German positions was hard and slow, 454 00:47:33,559 --> 00:47:36,394 but affer nine days the Red Army had recaptured 455 00:47:36,478 --> 00:47:40,481 all the ground lost in this last German offensive. 456 00:48:05,382 --> 00:48:10,636 The Germans began to fall back, destroying everything as they went. 457 00:48:10,721 --> 00:48:14,682 Now they were under constant attack by Soviet fighters. 458 00:48:17,477 --> 00:48:21,105 The Luffwaffe had lost command of the air. 459 00:48:33,285 --> 00:48:38,873 Suddenly, the towns of occupied Russia were full of armour moving west. 460 00:48:39,917 --> 00:48:44,378 Affer two years, the conquerors were pulling out. 461 00:48:46,006 --> 00:48:48,007 (air-raid siren) 462 00:48:49,343 --> 00:48:52,553 At Leningrad, the Germans were still at the outskirts, 463 00:48:52,638 --> 00:48:54,889 the city still under shellfire. 464 00:49:02,272 --> 00:49:07,276 The siege was not to be finally broken until January the following year. 465 00:49:12,574 --> 00:49:17,745 The strength of Russia, like a gigantic spring compressed back to its limit, 466 00:49:17,829 --> 00:49:20,289 was now bursting forward. 467 00:49:20,374 --> 00:49:23,751 The first cities were liberated. 468 00:49:41,478 --> 00:49:44,271 On August 5, 1943, 469 00:49:44,356 --> 00:49:47,733 Orel and Belgorod were freed. 470 00:49:50,112 --> 00:49:54,532 ln each town, those who had died in battle were buried. 471 00:49:57,619 --> 00:50:00,705 "Do not call me, Father, do not seek me." 472 00:50:00,789 --> 00:50:04,291 "Do not call me, do not wish me back." 473 00:50:04,418 --> 00:50:08,754 "We're on a route uncharted, Fire and blood erase our track." 474 00:50:08,839 --> 00:50:13,175 "On we fly on wings of thunder, Nevermore to sheath our swords." 475 00:50:13,260 --> 00:50:18,014 "All of us in battle fallen, Not to be brought back by words." 476 00:50:19,057 --> 00:50:22,059 "Will there be a rendezvous? l know not." 477 00:50:22,144 --> 00:50:24,478 "l only know we still must fight." 478 00:50:24,563 --> 00:50:27,231 "We are sand grains in infinity, 479 00:50:27,315 --> 00:50:30,985 Never to meet, nevermore see light." 480 00:50:34,197 --> 00:50:38,117 "Farewell then, my son, farewell then, my conscience, 481 00:50:38,201 --> 00:50:40,077 My youth and my solace, 482 00:50:40,162 --> 00:50:42,580 My one and my only." 483 00:50:42,664 --> 00:50:45,374 "And let this farewell be the end of a story 484 00:50:45,459 --> 00:50:48,919 Of solitude vast, and which none is more lonely, 485 00:50:49,004 --> 00:50:51,797 ln which you remain barred forever and ever 486 00:50:51,882 --> 00:50:53,299 From light and from air, 487 00:50:53,383 --> 00:50:55,676 with your death pangs untold." 488 00:50:55,761 --> 00:50:58,345 "Untold and unsoothed, 489 00:50:58,430 --> 00:51:03,267 not to be resurrected, Forever and ever an 18-year-old." 490 00:51:03,351 --> 00:51:06,854 "Farewell, then. No trains ever come from those regions, 491 00:51:06,938 --> 00:51:10,316 Unscheduled or scheduled, no aeroplanes fly there." 492 00:51:11,068 --> 00:51:14,403 "Farewell then, my son, for no miracles happen, 493 00:51:14,488 --> 00:51:18,365 As in this world dreams do not come true." 494 00:51:18,450 --> 00:51:22,369 "Farewell. l will dream of you still as a baby, 495 00:51:22,454 --> 00:51:25,623 Treading the earth with little, strong toes." 496 00:51:25,707 --> 00:51:28,626 "The earth where already so many lie buried." 497 00:51:28,710 --> 00:51:33,047 "This song to my son, then, is come to its close." 498 00:51:38,428 --> 00:51:40,679 ln Moscow, Stalin announced: 499 00:51:40,764 --> 00:51:46,227 "Tonight at 2400 hours on August 5, the capital of our country, Moscow, 500 00:51:46,311 --> 00:51:50,064 will salute the valiant troops who liberated Orel and Belgorod." 501 00:51:50,148 --> 00:51:51,524 (shouting in Russian) 502 00:51:56,446 --> 00:51:58,405 "Eternal glory to the heroes who fell 503 00:51:58,490 --> 00:52:00,950 in the struggle for the freedom of our country." 504 00:52:01,034 --> 00:52:03,035 "Death to the German invaders." 505 00:52:09,626 --> 00:52:12,753 ln November, Kiev was freed. 506 00:52:53,837 --> 00:52:55,921 (upbeat Russian song) 507 00:53:37,756 --> 00:53:41,759 Russia was saved by its soldiers and by its people. 508 00:53:42,802 --> 00:53:47,223 But in the earth, never to welcome the coming of peace, 509 00:53:47,349 --> 00:53:50,226 lay 20 million dead. 351 00:53:55,359 --> 00:53:59,447 © anoXmous @ http://thepiratebay.sx/user/Zen_Bud 352 00:53:59,448 --> 00:54:03,448 © anoXmous @ http://thepiratebay.sx/user/Zen_Bud 353 00:54:03,449 --> 00:54:07,449 © anoXmous @ http://thepiratebay.sx/user/Zen_Bud